Siemens Solar Panels direct from Bullnet

main top
typical
language
main nav

Following are some general diagrams of solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems and their typical uses. Solar PV power offers proven solutions for a very wide variety of applications.

diagrams Dc1
diagrams Dc2
diagrams Sa1
diagrams Sa2
diagrams Pv1
diagrams Pv2
Untitled-1
diagram Uis2

Directly Connected Systems
Utility Interactive Systems
Stand-Alone Systems
PV-Generator Hybrid Systems

 

Directly Connected Systems

Characteristics:

  • No battery storage
  • Load operates in sync with sunlight
  • Peak operation during summer and middle of day
  • Special inverter can add AC power, ``soft start", protection circuits.

Typical Applications:

  • Ventilation fans
  • Water pumping

back to top of page

Stand-Alone Systems

Characteristics:

  • Battery storage allows operation at night, during bad weather
  • Charge regulator prevents battery overcharging, overdischarging
  • System controls can include circuit protection, remote monitoring
  • Inverter can add AC power, ``soft start", protection circuits.

Typical Applications:

  • Telecommunications, telemetry
  • Traffic signaling, monitoring
  • Outdoor lighting
  • RV/boat electric power
  • Lanterns
  • Remote homes, clinics, schools

back to top of page

PV-Generator Hybrid Systems

Characteristics:

  • Generator plus rectifier allows battery charging for full energy availability in any climate during any season
  • Generator can be gasoline, propane, or diesel
  • ``AC Bus" allows direct AC power to loads from generator through transfer switch, while also recharging battery through rectifier
  • ``DC Bus" has all power flowing through battery (DC) avoiding complex transfer switching and any ``glitches" in AC power to loads

Typical Applications:

  • Large telecommunications stations
  • Village power
  • RV with generator

back to top of page

Utility Interactive Systems

Characteristics:

  • Unused power from system during daylight is actively sent to utility power grid, giving the system a credit
  • Large grid support systems (100 kW-500 kW) and some distributed home systems send power directly to inverter and then to grid, and operate only when grid power is active (not during outages)
  • Utility independent systems utilize special ``bi-directional" inverter that can power dedicated circuits which remain energized even during utility power outages

Typical Applications:

  • Urban homes or businesses
  • Large utility grid support systems
  • Building-integrated / architectural pv systems

back to top of page

 

 Siemens Solar panels

Solar panel
From solar panel, the free solar panels
• Ten things you may not know about solar panel •Jump to: navigation, search

A photovoltaic (PV) module that is composed of multiple PV cells. Two or more interconnected PV modules create an array.conservs the energy of THE LIGHT . Electrons from these excited atoms form an electric current, which can be used by external devices. Solar panels were in use over one hundred years ago for water heating in homes. Solar panels can also be made with a specially shaped mirror that concentrates light onto a tube of oil. The oil then heats up, and travels through a vat of water, instantly boiling it. The steam created turns a turbine for power.[1]

Contents [hide]
1 History 
2 How Solar Panels Work 
3 See also 
4 References 



solar panels History
The history of solar panels dates back to 1839, when French physicist Antoine César Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect during an experiment involving an electrolytic cell that was made up of two metal electrodes placed in an electrolyte solution. Becquerel discovered that when his device was exposed to light the amount of electricity generated increased.[2]

Then in 1883, the first genuine solar cell was built by Charles Fritts. Fritts' solar cell was formed by coating sheets of selenium with a thin layer of gold.[3]

Between 1883 and 1941 many scientists, inventors and companies experimented with solar energy. During these years Clarence Kemp, a Baltimore inventor patented the first commercial water heater powered from solar energy. In addition, Albert Einstein published his thesis on the photoelectric effect and a few years later received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research. William Bailey, an employee of the Carnegie Steel Company, invented the first solar collector with copper coils contained in an insulated box.[2]

In 1941, Russell Ohl, an American inventor who worked for Bell Laboratories, patented the first silicon solar cell. Ohl’s new invention led Bell Laboratories to produce the first crystalline silicon solar panel in 1954. This solar cell achieved a 4% return on energy conversion. In the years that followed, other scientists continued to improve on this original solar cell and began to produce solar cells with 6% efficiency.[4]

The first large scale use for solar electrical energy was space satellites. With government backing much of the research the US was able to produce a solar cell with twenty percent efficiency by 1980 and by early 2000 had produced solar cells with 24% efficiency. As of November 2007 two companies, Spectrolab and Emcore Photovoltaics dominate world solar cell production and have the ability to produce cells with 28% efficiency.[4]


solar panels How Solar Panels Work
The basic element of solar panels is pure silicon. When stripped of impurities, silicon makes an ideal neutral platform for transmission of electrons. In silicon’s natural state, it carries four electrons, but has room for eight. Therefore silicon has room for four more electrons. If a silicon atom comes in contact with another silicon atom, each receives the other atom's four electrons. Eight electrons satisfy the atoms' needs, this creates a strong bond, but there is no positive or negative charge. This material is used on the plates of solar panels. Combining silicon with other elements that have a positive or negative charge can also create solar panels.[5]

For example, phosphorus has five electrons to offer to other atoms. If silicon and phosphorus are combined chemically, the results are a stable eight electrons with an additional free electron. The silicon does not need the free electron, but it can not leave because it is bonded to the other phosphorous atom. Therefore, this silicon and phosphorus plate is considered to be negatively charged.[5]

A positive charge must also be created in order for electricity to flow. Combining silicon with an element such as boron, which only has three electrons to offer, creates a positive charge. A silicon and boron plate still has one spot available for another electron. Therefore, the plate has a positive charge. The two plates are sandwiched together to make solar panels, with conductive wires running between them.[5]

Photons bombard the silicon/phosphorus atoms when the negative plates of solar cells are pointed at the sun. Eventually, the 9th electron is knocked off the outer ring. Since the positive silicon/boron plate draws it into the open spot on its own outer band, this electron doesn't remain free for long. As the sun's photons break off more electrons, electricity is then generated. When all of the conductive wires draw the free electrons away from the plates, there is enough electricity to power low amperage motors or other electronics, although the electricity generated by one solar cell is not very impressive by itself. When electrons are not used or lost to the air they are returned to the negative plate and the entire process begins again.[5]


solar panels See also
Battery (electricity) 
Energy economics 
Photovoltaic array 
Photovoltaics in transport 
Renewable energy 
Solar power satellite 
Solar lamp 

WIRELESS  CCTV CAMERAS INNOVATIONS  STORE HUNTER WELLIESWIRELESS  CCTV CAMERAS INKJET CARTRIDGES WIRELESS  CCTV CAMERAS INNOVATIONS  STORE HUNTER WELLIES AIR RIFLES AND BB GUNS VELOSOLEX SEEDS   CROSSBOWS MAMOD STEAM ENGINES COP CCTV   VITAMINS  SOFTWARE TONER CARTRIDGES WATCHES PUMPS RADAR DETECTORS HOMECCTV GAMO GUNS    NIGHT VISION  MAGIC AND GAMES HERBAL HIGHS BULL ELECTRICAL FLYBIRD OPTICAL BIKES & SCOOTERS OPTICAL STORE   HYDROPONICS STORE SOFTWARE STORE   VACUUM STORE   AUCTION SITE   PREMIUM BONDS   HOLIDAY HOMES  PMR RADIOS SPY SHOP   STICKY LABELS  TINPLATE TOYS SPANISH GOLF VILLA  SAXOPHONES  MARC JAMES  SUNNYCOTT